Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

juncture - Essay ExampleAt first, he wants to make sure that Claudius is re ally punishable of the murder. One can see a Hamlet who wants to be sure of his uncles guilt before doing revenge, and for that, he plans the bring in. He says the plays the thing, wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king (Act 2 Scene II). However, the biggest mistake from his part that made his entire plan go astray is his killing of Polonius in his engenders room. It gives Claudius a chance to send Hamlet extraneous and order to kill him, which is followed by a number of deaths leading to the tragic end of the play. In addition, it is his love towards Ophelia and his desire to keep her away from the tragic end that makes him show callous attitude towards her after the ghost reveals the truth to him. In total, though the play has a tragic end, his plan is to do the revenge in such a patchner that only the guilty is punished. In total, he is a man of great virtue. Or, Hamlet is the most admirable pi cture of human nature in its highest state, little lower than angels (Adams & Hackett, 4). II There is still a enmity among scholars about Shakespeares intention in showing Hamlet as mad. However, a close scrutiny clearly proves that he is not at all mad. Instead, he is utilizing that madness as a mask to cover his ploy. For example, in Act 2 Scene II, Hamlet answers the queries of Polonius in a totally derisory way, making them conclude that Hamlet has gone mad. However, when his friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstem appear, he greets them with excitement, and easily makes them reveal that they are spies of the king. In fact, one can observe his ability to plan and tool complex tasks with ease. To find if Claudius is really guilty of killing his father, he makes the troupe present a play which is very similar to the killing of his father, and from Claudius reaction, easily translate that it is guilt that makes Claudius stop the play. In addition, one can see Hamlet giving explici t directions to the players that they should not overact as that will ruin the invention of the play (Act 3, Scene II, The Tragedy of Hamlet). In addition, he has no other way other than behaving like a madman because he wants to keep Ophelia away from the troubles, though she does not. However, one can also argue that the situation is painful enough for Hamlet to become mad, and considering the series of events he had to pass through, it arouses little wonder if he really becomes mad. III The most pathetic figure in the play, undoubtedly, is Ophelia. She is the one who suffers the most in the play for no guilt of her. She loved Hamlet very much but when her father stops her from meeting Hamlet, she readily agrees. As Gehrmann (13) points out, she acts the way that is liked by the male-dominated society always obeys her father and ignores the feelings of her proclaim heart. In Act 3 Scene I, when Ophelia greets him with trinkets he has given her, he lashes out at the girl, and su ggests that she should join a nunnery, and asks why wouldst thou be a breeder of sinners? (Act 3, Scene I). In addition, while watching the play, she tries to talk to him, but his response is hostile. (Act 3, Scene II) However, there are more issues for her in the pipeline hold their turn. She gets the news of her father

HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

HRM - Essay ExampleCase analysis GS plumbing system, owned by Greg Smith has been gaining unusual constitution for the recent past. Alan Arrowsmith, for his experience with small businesses was appointed as the HR manager at GS. His teaching experience in the trades section of the local technical college, where he handled subjects related to health and safety, risk solicitude etc to a fault made him proficient of HR manager post. GS plumbing underwent tremendous expansions such as contracts with several buildings and companies all over the last ten years. GS takes up both planned tasks like plumbing installations for new homes as well as unplanned works despite the threat the unplanned works cause to the security of the company. GS Plumbing maintains strict regulations on workers on record keeping, maintenance of accounts etc. The rising demand for plumbing modules compels GS plumbing to offer better financial and non-financial assistances to its employees. However, GS Plumbing has not been able to cope up with these demands and it has intensified the problem of employ turnover in the company. The senior management team of GS plumbing company includes Greg, Alan, Gail, and Jane. The company receptionist role is efficiently handled by Gregs sister-in-law Gail White. However, she often finds her responsibilities increasing her stress level despite the companys growth. ... In fact, audit is an essential part of organizational management because the examination of policies, procedures, documentation, and practices with respect to the HR functions of an organization can be effectively done with the audit activity1.. This activity provides prospect for the HR manager to reveal his potency and achievements which would further encourage him to exhibit his abilities in the future. From the organizational perspective, audit will also evaluate HR managerial activities and thus the matters demanding resolution can also be brought to notice. Alan often feels that the extra administrative tasks are frustrating. However, an audit would give him opportunity to express his grievances. To illustrate, the audit would enable Alan to bring his concern about the increasing absenteeism into Gregs notice. It would allow better discussion on the frequent occurrences of injuries in the workplace and the remedies that should be adopted to minimize risks. Conducting audit at intervals of two or three years would enable the watertight to find unwritten practices and associated risks.2 In attachment this activity would permit to examine the record-keeping practices and would identify additional training and communication required for better compliance. By initiating on time audit, the GS Plumbing can identify the user friendly procedures, practices, and the necessary changes required. The audit of HR function should involve staff members, members of middle and upper management, and all other individuals responsible for HR functions. The firm can seek the as sistance of an external consultant for audit who would guide and provide better suggestions. How to address unplanned absence? Unplanned absence of staff members at GS

Strict Liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strict Liability - Essay ExampleHowever both at common law and through Statute there are crimes of strict obligation and vicarious liability. Crimes of strict liability are those where intention (be it mens rea and/or negligence) imply not be proved in respect of one or more of the elements of the actus reus of an offence. The prosecution only has to prove that the accused committed the actus reus. Crimes of vicarious liability are those whereby the accused neither did the act nor had the intention but is held liable due to his relationship with the actual perpetrator. The development of strict and vicarious liability offences seems to be historical a reaction to the plethora of regulatory sanctions and poorly drafted legislation which did not mention malice, intent, knowledge or will.It might appear that state of affairs offences, such as crimes of strict liability are exceptions in English law. These are offences where either the legal or the evidential burden of proof falls on t he defence. However, Ashworth and Blake claimed in their research that up to 40% of trials in the Crown Court required the defendant to prove either a statutory defence or confute at least one element of the offence and that over 123 serious criminal offences had an element of strict liability. Most of these offences are regulatory, pertaining to food, drugs, health, alcohol, factories, pollution and other humankind health matters, and are mala prohibita rather than mal in se. They argued that this has made significant inroads on the presumption of innocence.The prosecution does not always have to cook that the actus reus was voluntary. So for ensample in Callow v Tillstone 1900 a butcher was held liable for exposing unsound meat for sale even though the carcass had been certified as condition for human consumption by a vet. A crime may have a mixture of strict liability and mens rea/negligence as to the elements of the actus reus. wherefore in R v Prince 1875 the accused was convicted of taking an unmarried young lady under the age of 16 out of her fathers possession as knowledge that the girl was under 16 was not required for conviction. It was sufficient that he knew she was in her fathers possession. At common law there is a presumption that mens rea is required to establish guilt. One remaining controversial area is that of the common law offence of Blasphemy where there is still some confusion. Lord Denning had said during a barbarism in 1949 that the blasphemy laws belonged in the past ... it was thought that a denial of Christianity was liable to shake the fabric of society, which was itself founded upon Christian religion. There is no such risk of exposure to society now and the offence of blasphemy is a dead letter.In 1979 morality crusader Mary Whitehouse successfully sued Gay newsworthiness and its editor for print a poem which described a purported affair between a male soldier and Jesus Christ and necrophilic acts with his corpse White house v Gay News Ltd 1979. In 1990 it was held that blasphemy laws only applied to

The Madness of John Brown Essay Example for Free

The Madness of John Brown EssayHistorians are not the only ones that green goddess elucidate muniment. History is a extensive puzzle that can be influenced by anyone who has an educated diploma on certain subjects. Historians are the main disposition to solve the uncertainty of history with their useful, quality skills of making theories to conjoin loose ends of history, motivation of repeated research, and their undying love to learn new history, that a psychologist can solve history too with their forte.Even though it may seem absurd to believe that this occupation who assesses a mans personality to solve problems a psychologist can solve an dead mans prospective in life. A letter is a common communication device in the old eld and can be read by anyone. A historian would try to find key words in the letter to guesstimate the situation, but a psychologist knowing the mysteries of attitudes and behaviors of people would look at double meanings in passages.Two perceptions a re better than one and knowing the true motivation of a persons head teacher than their careless actions can give an different outlook of a case. Other specialists can help historians find the gist of John Brown rationale of be insane in the terms of slavery and why he killed five men in the open. Although John Brown never underwent a psychological query about his childhood, he had left a letter with important information of his childhood into a story.Psychoanalytic insight has helped to reveal some of Johns most unabated personal conflicts from this letter his ambivalence toward his incurs strict discipline, the paradox of Browns struggle to internalize and accept his fathers authority in order to become independent himself, and his main line of work with property and pets as a means of defining his independence. This ambivalent father-son relationship suggests that Browns intense life-long identification with black slaves might well have sprung from the struggle he experienc ed with paternal discipline.Helping slaves was ultimately a means of helping himself without consciously recognizing the source of his emotions and convictions. He could have channel the repressed hostility toward his father toward the slaveholders. In conclusion, psychologist has added the tool of psychoanalysis in the study of history. This tool has helped historians to go beyond rational motives in understanding people who have changed society and history in either a good or bad way. History has somewhat gotten more clearer and truthful thanks to psychologists.

As a Head Nurse Essay Example for Free

As a Head Nurse EssayWe all must experience pee-pee responsibilities beyond our expectation and limitation as we can improve ourselves all(prenominal) now and then. Responsibilities are just within our shoulders as we go on with our lives we subjoin more on to it due to the things we learn and experience and simply being a student nurse responsibility is already on our shoulders as we gained acquaintance in every step of the way. As a student nurse, knowledge is easy to get as we experience, learn, read and study. But every knowledge comes with bang-up responsibility, which is to help and share it to others who are innocent about specifically toward to their health. Experiencing being a student moderate nurse is good as it adds my capabilities to manage my time, and my provide nurses. I have been a leader for some time now barely I need more experience to be better than before. I am not at my best now as leader as I havent yet experienced every task and responsibilities but I want to get better than I am now.Being a leader is hard because responsibilities weighs more than you expect, for your time, company and for yourself. But as I experience it once, twice or more to it, it is very helpful due to that I improve from before. Finding myself being a student head nurse is part of being a student but when I experience it was a little hard because I have difficulty at first in coping because it is my first time to lead a group in ER but I can manage.I was a little bit of loss for a minute on how to manage my time but I made a time table on the different things I have to manage from the start towards the end likely checking the works of my group mates and reminding them of the different responsibilities they have to prioritize first on the certain time. I was at ease because I felt blessed that my group mates work with less supervision and questions as the before group mates I have had. Some take initiatives for the different assigned work for our repo rt. They manage to finish it on time and we communicate well.They also shew respect with it comes to work as they call me maam, which I am not used to, during our shift of duty. I also was glad that I experience new and improved group mates. The things that I experienced as a leader was uncountable and unforgettable, due that I experienced new in every leadership that I account for. Responsibilities are just at our forefront and the moment we move forward it comes our way so we must be ready, so every experience that we take, took it as learning and a good endeavor to become a good leader not for other people but also for yourself.

Plato Essay Essay Example for Free

Plato Essay Essay1. a) Explain how Platos epistemological assumptions shape his metaphysics (Why does he think that there must be Forms? Hint Plato says (in effect) Since cognition is certain, because the objects of experience must be unchanging. ). b) Define Platos Forms and present the theory of Forms by explaining the tell apartd contestation. (You can use the visual image, but explain it. ) Plato was highly devoted in answering the sophists skepticism about reason and morality. To do so, he spent more(prenominal) time than any philosopher before him studying know takege, or epistemology. He realized that to answer the sophists skepticism he had to first solve the triple main draw offs that earlier philosophers had left behind the problems of change, the one and the many, and the problem between appearance and reality. Plato started where Heraclitus, who said that constantlyything is changing, and Par wreak forceides, who said that nonhing ever changes, left off. He said that both philosophers were correct in their assumptions, for they were talking about diverse types of objects.Heraclitus is correct in terms of the sensible realm it obviously exists, and is a flux that conforms to the measures as he suggested. Parmenides was correct in terms of the intelligible realm. Plato approximation that beyond the world of tangible objects in space and time is another world that is nonphysical, non-spatial, and non-temporal. He called this the world of ideai, or forms. These forms are nonphysical, non-spatial, non-temporal objects of theme that are more real than anything else. Whenever we are thinking, according to Plato, what we are thinking about is a form.For example, a triangle drawn on the board in class, no amour how perfect and real it may appear is merely a copy of the form of triangle a plane figure enclosed by three straight lines. It is like a triangle and looking at it helps us think of the real triangle, but it sole(prenominal) re lates, or participates in Platos terms, to its on-key form. This theory applies to the entire sensible realm because anything changes and nothing stays exactly what it is. In the world of forms, however, everything is always what it is and never another thing.Plato believed that because the world of forms is Parmenidean, or perfect(a) and unchanging, it is therefore practicable for us to know it. To explain his theory of forms in depth, Plato used the image of the divided line. Take a line and divide it into two unequal parts, one part representing the physical world and one representing the world of forms. Then, subdivide these two parts in the same ratio, creating two sub-parts of the physical world (call them A and B) and two of the world of forms (call them C and D).Plato says let the first, or lowest, section of the physical world (A) hold water for images, such as shadows or reflections. let the second section of the physical world (B) stand for the actual objects that cas t these shadows, like trees, gays, or desks. In the world of forms, Plato continues, let the first section (C) stand for the lower forms, or the forms of the objects in section B. The second section in the world of forms, the highest section of all, (D) then stands for the higher forms, or the science of first principles the knowledge that, if possessed, would prove the basic assumptions of the special sciences.Plato believed that the nearer we are to the base of the divided line (A), the more conditioned our knowledge is. We can move up the line through dialectic, a process of questions and answer that utilizes hypothesis, criticism, and revision to move nearer to unconditioned knowledge. The higher we climb via this dialectic, the more we rid ourselves of conditions and the better we grasp the knowledge of the non-material abstract forms (D). According to Plato, these are the forms that possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. 2. a) How does the Form Man explain the existence of the many psyche men?b) What is the disposition of man and how is the individual man analogous to the state? c) What is virtue or justice in man and in the state? Platos theory of Forms led him to many assumptions, one of the most important of which is his view on the form of man and his relation to the state. He understood that no one man has ever been perfect and that each man participates in the form man to different degrees. Individual men are adequate copies of the true form of man.Plato believed that the men who participate in the form more fully are going to more real, and thereforebetter, then the men who participate less. This is better explained by his philosophical system of the nature of man and his analogous relationship to the state. Plato recognized the nature of man as a psyche, or soul, that was grouped into three main parts. Each of these three parts gift motions proper to them that he believed, if harmonized, would lead to eudaimonia, a total w ell-being. The first, and lowest, part of the soul he called the appetites. The highest part Plato called reason. The third part, between appetite and reason, he called spirit.He saw the state as having three main parts as well, each corresponding to one of the three parts of the human psyche. all(prenominal) state needs a governing body, whether kings or congress, so this allow for be the first part. The second is reserved for the essential producing class, which includes merchants, industrial workers, agriculturists, and so on. Third, Plato held that every state needs a group, between the governing and producing classes, to maintain the state against enemies this is the guardian group. The analogy relates the producing class to appetite in the individual, the governing class to reason, and the guardians to spirit.Plato wasnt just satisfied with this, he wanted to know the virtues of these classes, in other words, he wanted to know what each could contribute best. Like organs in an organisms body, Plato believed each part of the soul and state have a particular role to play in the whole they were not decided and complete in themselves. He thought that the function of the members of the producing class was to provide themselves and the nonproductive classes with the necessities of life, such as food, shelter, and clothing.He realized that if everybody were to be provided for sufficiently, some of the producers would have to put up with having less than others. They would have to be ready to restrict ones own consumption for the sake of achieving some sort of correspondence in the state as a whole, thus their virtue is moderation or as Plato called it, temperance (Jones 169). The guardians, who halt up the second class, must be courageous when defending the state against its enemies, thus their virtue is courage.The governors make the highest decisions in the state. They determine war or peace, educational and economic policies, and so on. To make correct decisions they require knowledge this is their virtue. A state in which each class is performing its function is just state. Only when the rulers are making clean decisions that are executed with courage and loyalty by the guardians, and the rest of the population is exercising some restraint in its pursuit of material well being, will the citizens of the state be happy.Since the states three classes exactly correspond to the three parts of the soul, we are able to understand what Plato took to be their respective virtues. further like in the state, every individual has producing part that keeps them alive and active, a rational part that is intended to guide and direct the energy produced by the body, and a spirited part that is intended to help keep the body in order (Jones 169). Just as the functions of the soul correspond to the state, so do its virtues.A virtuous man is temperate in satisfying his various appetites and lives a life of reason that is supported by his spirited elements. 3. a) Use the allegory of the weaken to illustrate Platos political views. In doing so, you should b) explain how the theory of forms supports Platos favored form of Aristocracy (to begin with, recall the relation between individual men and the Form of man) and c) explain how the theory of Forms grounds his criticism and rejection of state (where in the cave are the Athenian democrats?where are they on the divided line? )As we have seen, Plato uses myths and methods such as the divided line to explain his views on certain things this is the case, too, with his views on politics. To understand these views we must examine his allegory of the cave. He said to imagine there was men in a dark cave that were chained by their necks and ankles in such a fashion that they could not move their legs or necks and could only see what was in front of them. These men had been in this cave since childhood.Higher up behind them is a fire that is spaced from the prisoners by a sort of pu ppet-show screen. This fire and screen were used by people carrying various artificial objects, such as figures of men, animals, and other materials, to project the shadows of these objects onto the perdition in front of the chained men. It was so dark that these prisoners had no clue they were not alone and if they spoke to each other, they assumed they were speaking with the projected images.Plato goes on to say, imagine if one of them were set free and forced up the steep ascent into the sunlight. He would realize that what he experienced in the cave was not as real as what actually existed. Nature and the sun would enlighten this man and therefore he would gain true knowledge of the world as it is. Plato reasoned that these men, the ones who make it out of the cave, are the men who should rule the rest. His politics were based on man being a social animal, with desires, not only for sleeping or drinking, but communicating with his fellow men in the community.Therefore, he thoug ht communal life is good and all other human goods depend on it for any sufficient satisfaction an individual, who is really part of the larger state, is neither complete nor himself in isolation. If the good life for the individual is possible only by community, then there must be some sort of government to give direction to the numbers of men and women who live and work together. Plato believed that the few who are wise and good should rule the many. As his theory of Forms suggests, all men participate to the form of man to different degrees.He thought that the few men who participate at the highest levels of the form, the most knowledgeable that have exited the cave and been enlightened, are the ones best for ruling, and doing so rationally the many are missing in knowledge and virtue. Plato favored an Aristocracy ruled by these knowledgeable philosopher-kings who would impose the temperance on the producers through selective education and controlled propaganda. Each person, in his view, would find their happiness by playing the part in the state that their degree of participation to the form of man best suited them for.Plato therefore criticized democracy because instead of philosopher-kings who have true knowledge, the rulers are chosen on irrelevant grounds. The art of ruling, which he thought to determine what is best, became in democracy the art of likable to the masses with flattery. Plato believed that in a democracy it is impossible to exit the cave or rise to the highest section of the divided line because it is powered by rhetoric. empty talk works at the level of opinion and only invokes belief by emotional mean, rather than operating at the level of knowledge, where analyzing the forms allows us to discover the truth.

Sickle Cell Disease Perspective: Genetic Anthology

reap hook Cell affection Perspective Genetic AnthologyGrayson JonesSickle Cell Disease ( darmstadtium) is inherited which means that the unhealthiness is passed by factors from set ups to their children. People who have darmstadtium inherit two ab convening hemoglobin genes, one from each p atomic number 18nt. SCD has many forms however, the most common and sinful form, sickle cell genus Anemia, overwhelming affects Afri post-Americans and Hi spanics in the United States. This paper will analyze SCD explore the affectionate implications and any genetic advantages and report on the current societal implications.Hemoglobin is a protein in wild blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the system. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a company of inherited red blood cell disorders which have abnormal hemoglobin. SCD is not contagious, like a cold or an infection, and is passed by one gene from each parent to their children. People with SCD have either one or two abnormal hemoglobin S genes. Sickle cell anemia is the sickness that describes those with two hemoglobin S genes, hemoglobin SS.Sickle cell trait is the condition where the hemoglobin S gene is inherited from one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene is inherited from the other parent. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy and symptom free. Nevertheless, they are carriers of the defective hemoglobin S gene and can pass that defective gene to their children.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood proves (NHLBI) (2016) figure below shows the difference between normal and abnormal red blood cells. Normal red blood cells contain hemoglobin that is disc shaped which allow cells to reserve a steady hang up of oxygen to the bodys tissues. Abnormal red blood cells contain sickle hemoglobin which are not flexible and do not move freely to provide needed oxygen to the bodys tissues.Lack of tissue oxygen causes attacks of severe and sudden pain. According to the NHLBI (2016), Most children with SCD are pain free between fearful crises, but adolescents and adults may also suffer with chronic ongoing pain. The red cell sickling and poor oxygen delivery can also cause organ damage. Over a lifetime, SCD can harm a souls spleen, brain, eyes, lungs, liver, heart, kidneys, penis, joints, bones, or skin.Normal red blood cells live approximately 90 to 120 days eyepatch abnormal sickle cells typically last to a greater extentover 10 to 20 days. This is due to the fact that sickle cells cannot change shape easily and stand up apart or hemolyze (NHLBI, 2016). The human body is continually reproducing new red blood cells to replace old blood cells which mean that a body with SCD has trouble keeping up with demand. The affect is a lower than normal red blood cell count called anemia.The social implications of Sickle Cell Disease have been seen in a myriad of ways such as business organizationgiving, community perceptions, and the health care system. Since SCD begins prior to birth and a ffects not only the children but the parents too, a rise in a family based approach to this disease has been seen. Mothers of a children with SCD are living in constant misgiving and stress that their child may become deathly ill at any mo manpowert, intense, complex nature of SCD crises as un forecastable, recurring, and potentially severe (Burnes, Antle, Williams, Cook, 2008). The disease can arise and be triggered by a fluctuation in temperatures, stress, lack of sleep, and other factors. Since the symptoms come on suddenly and intensely, then this makes it difficult to predict onset which cause families to live in constant state of fear. In the study, the mothers felt that they are left with all the responsibility and to be the overall caregiver, while the fathers distance themselves from the childs pain.Another social implication of SCD is the community perception or lack of knowledge of the disease. SCD has not had a significant unexclusive awareness in the developing count ries where most cases are prevalent, Most mothers had not even heard of SCD, and they did not know how the illness is transmitted (Burnes et al., 2008). The understanding is that women and men are not tested for the sickle cell trait and are not aware of how the disease is spread which has led to stigma about SCD in their cultures. There are many falsehoods about the disease such as contagious, a curse on ones family, or being at breaking for having a child who is born with such a physical illness. In addition, a racist assumption of the disease exists and a feeling of being helpless to speaking up about the disease because one does not want to be thought of less than anyone else.The last social implication is what is identified in the health care system. There have been advancements in the treatment of SCD in first world countries, through medication and other treatments however, there is mum a lack of treatment possibilities in the areas that are mostly affected by SCD. The ove rall complaint among families affected by the disease is that there is a lack of knowledge among medical professionals, did not know about SCD or how to treat its symptoms during a crisis (Burnes et al., 2008). Parents going into a hospital and having to tell the supply about treatments is scary. They think that they cannot trust professionals to take care of their child since these professionals lack the required education about such a serious disease. The overall lead-in social implication of SCD is the lack of knowledge and education that is associated with this disease.The Sickle Cell gene has a genetic protection against Malaria, which is a serious and sometimes deadly infectious disease. Malaria is caused by a mosquito that is carrying a parasite harmful to humans and the mosquito bites the human. Symptoms include high fevers, chills, and other flu like signs. If a person who is a carrier of one sickle cell gene (heterozygous), has shown signs of lower mortality and morbidit y rate among those who may become infected with malaria, Unexpectedly, heterozygous individuals be some protection from malaria infections. Aidoo et al.(2002), demonstrate reduced mortality and morbidity, Aluoch 1997 reports higher resistance to malaria, whereas Hesran et al.(1999), demonstrate a reduced parasite load for heterozygous carriers of this otherwise change gene (Lidell, Oswusu-Brackett, Wallace, 2014). Heterozygote aegis is when an individual who carries a normal allele and an infected allele are at an advantage and maintain that heterozygote presence in population. This is seen directly, When the malarial protozoan invades the red blood cells of heterozygotes, the parasites cause a relatively large reduction in the oxygen tension within the cells and thus contribute to sickling. The sickling of the red blood cells then impairs the protozoan growth and development (Howe, 2007). This means that the sickled blood cells stop the infection of malaria spreading throughout an individual the heterozygotes are protecting the body from an infectious disease.The exact number of people living with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in the United States (US) is not known. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) (2016), SCD affects approximately 100,000 Americans. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births. About 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is sic born with sickle cell trait (SCT). Over the past four (4) decades, the US has made significant gain ground in the care of people with SCD. Homer and Oyeku (2016) explain the increase in survival rate due to healthcare progressEven in the absence of the discovery of new medications, median survival has increased dramatically from death typically occurring during ahead of time childhood in the seventies to survival now in the mid-50s for individuals with hemoglobin SS and mid-60s for individuals with hemoglobin SC disease. This progress has been made possible through universal newborn screening, the effective use of penicillin, and more recently of hydroxyurea, careful monitoring, and the provision of supportive care.Testing for SCD is easy and only requires a blood test. Early testing is imperative for diagnosis and early preventative measures to prevent complications. According to the CDC (2016), the US newborn screening program requires every baby to be tested for SCD. Prior to birth, amniotic fluid can be also tested to diagnose SCD. Newborn screening is extremely important and effective so that informed parents can discuss options with their primary care doctor, a hematologist or a genetics counselor.SCD disproportionately affects African-American and Hispanic communities which rely heavily on public healthcare and insurance policy programs. According to Hassell (2016), SCD therapies which include coordinated care by knowledgeable providers, integrating sp ecialized and routine health care across the life span are not readily available to these targeted groups. A structured system of care is nonexistent for people with SCD. In addition, mounting evidence suggests that therapies of proven benefit, including rubber penicillin, transcranial Doppler, and hydroxyurea therapy, are not being utilized (Hassell, 2016).In conclusion, one does not contract SCD, one is born with SCD. This disease is easily identified by a simple blood test and disproportionately affects those people in low-income areas. SCD treatment options are not widely available to those afflicted by the disease. The social and societal implications are far reaching and significantly negatively impact the African-American and Hispanic communities.ReferencesBurnes, D. P., Antle, B. J., Williams, C. C., Cook, L. (2008). Mothers Raising Children with Sickle Cell Disease at the cross of Race, Gender, and Illness Stigma. Health Social Work, 33(3), 211-220. doi10.1093/hsw/33.3. 211 Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.nuls.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?id=GALEA184643666v=2.1u=nu_mainit=rp=AONEsw=wauthCount=1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Data Statistics. Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.htmlHassell, K. L. (2016). Sickle Cell Disease A go on Call to Action. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 51, Issue 1, S1-S2. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.002. Retrieved from http//www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00726-6/fulltextHomer, C. J. Oyeku, S. O. (2016). Sickle Cell Disease A Roadmap for Getting to Excellence Everywhere. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 51, Issue 1, S1-S2. doi http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.018. Retrieved from http//www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00702-3/fulltextHowe, E. M. (2007). Untangling Sickle-cell Anemia and the Teaching of Heterozygote Protection. Science Education, 16(1), 1-19. doi10.1007/s11191-005-4712-7 Retrieved from http// web.a.ebscohost.com.nuls.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a36e64b9-4230-45e0-accb-db8cdc436af1%40sessionmgr4009vid=1hid=4209Liddell, C., Owusu-Brackett, N., Wallace, D. (2014). A Mathematical Model of Sickle Cell Genome Frequency in Response to Selective Pressure from Malaria. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 76(9), 2292-2305. Retrieved from http//search.proquest.com.nuls.idm.oclc.org/docview/1560166043?OpenUrlRefId=infoxri/sidprimoaccountid=25320United States Department of Health Human Services. National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute (2016). What is Sickle Cell Disease? Retrieved fromhttps//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca